Empowerment through Residence

[ABSTRACT What does it mean to empower people through the housing in which they live, and how is this empowerment to be achieved? These are the questions which are examined in this paper. Typologies of empowerment processes are devised in an attempt to make sense of the conceptual and empirical variety involved. The distinction between ‘top-down’ and ‘bottom-up’ empowerment orientations is argued to be particularly important for understanding the content, pattern and general direction of empowerment processes. Empowerments through knowledge, statute, resources, agreement and speci® c power transfer are then discussed in relation to speci® c housing contexts, in particular the context of social housing management. The utility of the typologies of empowerment processes is tested in application to speci® c tenant participation arrangements. It is concluded that resident empowerment is worth pursuing not only for its own sake, but for the bene® ts which it can bring to a wider society.